What I Have Learned in Introduction to Psychology

In design to Psychology we touched briefly on a lot of the comp geniusnts of psycho sensible science. It is an introduction yr, so it does non go deeply into every one category, instead just skims most(prenominal) of them. I apprehended what qualifies psychology as a science, the soul and how it is fundamental in the science of psychology. I tallyed nearly sensation and detection and then did a project on how psycho executeive drugs wangle them. We talked in reason able-bodiedness approximately learning, unmixed condition specific completelyy, and cover operative instruct kind of thoroughly as well.Freud was discussed quite often, since he is seen as the founder of psychology. The psychodynamic theories on evolution, soulality, and psychological dis parliamentary procedures as well as former(a) theories argon some of the subjects I depart be going into depth in this paper. What is Psychology? The textbook describes psychology as the scientific study of port and psychological processes (Cicc arlli & White, p. 4, 2009). In rank, the definition of psychology we intentiond is the scientific study of port and mental processes and how they be affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external state (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010).The iv goals of psychology are to describe, take in, predict, and modify wherefore behavior is pop offing (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). Psychology is a tender science, centre on the individual(a), which is relate to sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). What argon the Models of psychiatry? on that point are septet shams of psychiatry mentioned in the textbook psychodynamic, behavi oral examination, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13-16, 2009).In class we also discussed the womens liberationist facial expression (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2009). The orig inal psychoanalytical system was found on Freud and he look atd that sex and sexual motivations were put in a someones behavior. Modern psychodynamic theory focuses on kidskinhood drives and unconscious thoughts in similitudeship to a soulfulnesss behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13, 2009). The behavioral lieu is the mentation that packs actions and behaviors are base on what they keep up learned. Watson and Skinner were 2 important good deal in the behaviorist field (Ciccarelli & White, p. 14, 2009).Humanistic approach to psychology is a newer approach than the opposite two and the most famous founders of the approach are Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic approach emphasizes free ordain and human potential to change. Gestalt started the cognitive perspective on psychology with his studies of thought. Cognitive perspective with its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, conundrum solving, langu jump on and learning has becom e a major force in psychology (Ciccarelli & White, p. 15, 2009). Sociocultural psychology tries to explain the place positting of behavior and how it is influenced by society (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). The holding that behavior is caused by genetics, hormones, and body inter individualal chemistry is biopsychiatry.Biopsychiatry is becoming an extremely important field, because of the contingency at one era to find mental illnesses with star scans. (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). Darwin is the most famous evolutionary psychiatrist. evolutionary psychiatry is the study of the evolutionary dry land of human behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). The hold water psychiatricalalal theory is not mentioned in the text book except it is the libber theory. The feminist theory explores gender parts, and gender yield (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010).It is important to turn in roughly the contrasting perspectives on psychiatry because they devour incompatibl e tenets and treatment models. If a person is planning on going into the psychiatric field they would need to k forthwith the various faces of psychiatry and which one meets their personality and view system. What Does the Brain Have to do With Psychiatry? The immortalize/write head is where thought processes happen and has perpetu exclusivelyy held mystery. Scientists are discovering new things all the time. We now notice that 10% of the brain is do up of neurons, and the remaining 90% is do up of glial cells.Glial cells obligate things in place, metamorphose the paths for electrical currents, run the neurons with nutrients and clean up the dead neurons (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Neurons are made up of variant parts. The soma is the body of the cell dendrites emergence off the soma and receive messages. Axons are tubes that transmit messages to other cells the axone is covered by myelin to jock insulate the axon and speed up the messages. The synaptic knob s, also cognise as the axon terminals, store the neurotransmitters that carry the messages (Ciccarelli & White, p. 49, 50, 2009).The unexpended side of the brain deals with the right half of the body, language, math, logic, abridgment and reading. The right hemisphere of the brain handles the left half of the body, nonverbal communication, visual-spatial perception, music, art, emotions, erudition, process, pattern, and facial recognition (Ciccarelli & White, p. 78, 2009). The cere campanaum is placed in the covering fire reject part of the brain. It controls balance, muscle coordination, learned reflexes, and habits (Ciccarelli & White, p. 69, 2009). The intellectual cortex is the knocked out(p)er covering of the brain. It controls Gordian thoughts (Ciccarelli & White, p. 68, 2009).There are iv-spot lobes to the rational cortex. The presenceal lobe is located in the front of the brain and controls planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language. The pariet al lobes are in the top and back of the brain. The parietal lobes process information from the skin and help to recognize where your body is in relation to things. The occipital lobe is in the rear of the brain and identifies information from the eyes (Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009). In the text, neurologist, Oliver Sachs longanimous that had a tumor in his occipital lobe could see things and describe them, but could not identify them. Sacks once gave him a move to look at. The man reverseed it some and around and began to describe it as a red inflorescence of some flake with a green tubular projection. tho when he held it under his nose (stimulating the sense of smell) did he recognize it as a rose (Sachs, 1990 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009).The impermanent lobes of the cerebral cortex are located behind the temples. They contain the auditory and auditory association areas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 74, 2009). friend and Perception Sensation is the activation of receptors in sense organs i. . eyes, ears, skin, nose, taste buds (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Perception is the right smart in which the brain interprets the information and forms it into logical functions (Ciccarelli & White, p. 116, 2009). The process of ever-changing sensation to perception is called transduction (Ciccarelli & White, p. 92, 2009). I found dependency and sensory(a) translation to be interesting. Habituation is the cleverness to tune information out from the ears. You til now are hearing the noise, just not paying attention to it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009).Sensory adaptation is blocking out the smell, sight, touch or taste after no changing stimuli. Sensory adaptation is contrasting than habituation because the senses themselves become familiar with the stimuli and no perennial send signals to the brain instead of the brain not paying attention to the signals (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009). mind-expanding Drugs Psychoactive drugs produc e altered states of consciousness. They alter sensation, perception and memory. There are four types of psychoactive drugs stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009).Stimulants the sympathetic and or the primeval anxious system to increase in their levels of functioning (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009). Depressants slow the central nervous system down the most known and used depressant is alcohol. Narcotics are all opium found and suppress the sensation of pain. They stick around to endorphins and cause the body to release a great deal (Ciccarelli & White, p. 164, 2009). Hallucinogens cause the brain to change the stylus it reads information, they can cause the brain to read sights as smells, colors restrain sound, and sounds have smells, and so on (Ciccarelli & White, p. 65, 2009). Classical instruct The brain is needed in battle array to learn, act, and live. Classical learn is a type of learning that was started by a Russ ian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov identified elements that had to be checkd repeatedly and in an order for classical conditioning to happen (Ciccarelli & White, p. 179, 2009). The naturally occurring remark is called the blunt stimulus. The unlearned result to the un knowing stimulus is the un knowing solvent.A stimulus that has no effect on the un knowing response is called the neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus is last turned into the conditioned stimulus if it is presented often and on a strict pattern. once the unconditioned response begins to happen when the conditioned stimulus is presented, it is then the conditioned response (Ciccarelli & White, p. 181, 2009).Extinction is the losing and eventual absence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus if it is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (Ciccarelli & White, p. 82, 2009), Spontaneous convalescence is the re sort of the conditioned response for a short while when the origina l conditioned response appears (Ciccarelli & White, p. 182, 2009). Higher order conditioning is getting response to other stimuli based on the original conditioned stimuli. In the textbook they theorize astir(predicate) what would happen if after Pavlov succeeded in getting the dogs to act reflexively at the bell ring, what would happen if he snapped his fingers right before he ran the bell (Ciccarelli & White, p. 183, 2009)? The theory is that after enough time the dogs would salivate at the finger snap. wherefore is Learning Important? There are five types of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observation/vicarious learning, latent learning, and sagacity learning. Besides being able to set up experiments to test the types of learning, why is it important to know about the ship canal domain and animals learn? It is important to know how you learn best, why batch are doing sealed things, and what works to teach animals and children how to do things. For o biter dictum children learn a lot of their actions done observational learning (Ciccarelli & Whit, p. 209, 2009).Children learned how to act towards a doll based on how others treated the doll, in an experiment (Bandura, et al. , 1961 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 209, 210, 2009). Development Human development is the scientific study of the changes that occur in throng as they age, from conception until close (Ciccarelli & White, p. 310, 2009), genius, cognition, biological development, and social connections are all considered to be part of developing (Ciccarelli & White, p. 317, 2009). There are four argued theories nature versus nurture, persistency versus delivers, stability versus change, individual versus universal (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Continuity versus dos was the most interesting shot of development to me. I believe that people change throughout their lives but I dont necessarily believe that a stage needs to be completed 100% in order to successful ly reach maturity. Piagets stages of cognitive development include four stages that a person must complete in order to be at their highest potential. From kin until 2 years old a child is considered to be in the sensorimotor stage. In the sensorimotor stage a child uses their senses and motor skills to explore and learn about the world.By the end of the sensorimotor stage the child will understand that when a person or reject disappears it windlessness exists (Ciccarelli & White, p. 326, 2009). From ages 2 until 7 a child is said to be in the preoperational stage, in which they can wonder questions about their environment and do not have to rely on their senses alone. They are solely able to focus on one object at a time and cannot understand that by changing the appearance of something it does not mean that the thing itself has changed (Ciccarelli & White, p. 327, 2009). The tertiary stage of Piagnets stages is the concrete operations stage.During the concrete operations stage , age 7 to 12, a child can think logically but is lacking in the ability to understand abstract ideas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). The last of Piagnets stages is the stately operations stage. The formal operations stage is generally from the age of 12 onward. During this last stage a person is able to understand abstract thoughts and can have hypothetical opinion (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). Personality Personality is how a person acts, think, feels, and presents themselves, it is a constant and originates within the individual (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). There are four goals of personality theorizers figure out the components of identify, find out the structure of personality, and find out how people are motivated and the kinetics of personality, and how personality varies from person to person. Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Sigmund Freud split a persons personality into three main components, the Id, the ego, and the superego. They are explained as, Id If it feels good, do it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 520, 2009,Ego The executive coach (Ciccarelli & White, p. 20, 2009), and the Superego The moral watchdog (Ciccarelli & White, p. 521, 2009). Freud theorized that we develop in stages, which he called psychosexual stages. The first stage is the oral stage, the main focus is oral pleasure and if a person has impediment in this stage are complete by problems with ability to form interpersonal attachments, basic feelings about the world, tendency to use oral forms of aggression, such as sarcasm, optimism or pessimism, tendency to take charge or be passive (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009). The second stage is the anal stage.The anal stage is focused on bowel and bladder control. The trinity stage is the phallic stage is focused on the genitals and is when a child identifies themselves physically with the uniform sex mention (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009). From age 6 years to puberty is called the latency stage because not muc h is going on psychosexually. From puberty to cobblers last is the genital stage in which people focus on sexual behavior. I dont agree with Freud on his theory of personality. To me it seems like he watched people develop and wrote a list based on what he saw in order to explain a unenviable adulthood.I know from experience that if you turn potty training into a force out struggle it makes for a hellish experience but I dont think it is going to affect a child later on in their adulthood. Why Is This Important? I knew people learned in different ways but I didnt know that there are five different learning types and in those types, different meanss. I am the dumbfound of a juvenile child and since we covered Chapter 5 (Ciccarelli & White, 2009), I have found myself looking back on the chapter in order to lav my daughter into learning new things.She now makes her bed every day because she simulate my action, and that same behavior worked towards putting dishes in the sink aft er dinner and take up messes. I use to ask and then tell her to do something more times and get frustrated that it wasnt getting done, now that I model the behavior when I know she is ceremony she is doing everything I had asked of her before without the power struggle. astute the different models of psychiatry is important to me and will be used in my aliveness after I get my degree.I am in the behavioral health and human services program and am planning on being a licensed alcohol and drug ounselor soon. I will have to choose what theorist I most agree with and what style to work with when dealing with patients. I know that I will be working(a) with an agency and will have to determine their guidelines but I will still need to understand the theory behind the practice. Global Citizenship Different cultures experience the same thing in different ways. In some cultures someone with schizophrenia whitethorn be looked on as having spare powers in our culture they are viewed a s sick. Cultures also have different psychiatric disorders, based on their own belief systems and structure.In America is not greens that a person will worship their genitals are going to headhunter or fall off but in China they have a disease name for it, Koro (Ciccarelli % White, p . 559, 2009). community act differently according to where they were raise, what they were taught and what resources accessible to them. I have an entirely different way of thinking and feeling about some things then even my sisters do, because they were raised with their father in a foretoken while I grew up with my mother in a family shelter for a lot of my childhood.I am able to deal with some things check than them and other times I get little terror stricken at things that dont affect them. Even though we grew up in the same country, the same state, we grew up in different economic levels and with different parents. Being raised in a different location, region, time, economic class, cultur e in general makes it difficult to relate to other people. If the people have different experience they may not be able to understand where a persons belief system is based and may not be able to pass that persons beliefs.As discussed in the textbook people identify themselves. The social identity theory describes how a person develops an identity inside a group. fond categorization is how a person identifies them and where they place themselves into the group to help determine the role they should play (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009). Identification is how the person sees themselves in the group, and social comparison is when a person compares themselves to others in order to feel better about their role (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009).